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Replaying Letter

20 November 2013

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Replying Inquiry Letter

PT. PRIMA NUGROHO

Jl. Krakatau Blok A7 No.43

Bekasi Timur

30^th April 2013

PT. ABDURAHMAN PERSADA

Jl. Ujung Harapan Raya No. 57

Kab.Bekasi

Dear Madam,

Thank you for your letter of 2 December, 2011 inquiring about cooperate promoting your products.

Be base on your letter and as the treatment about cooperate promotion your products are satisfactory, so we were agree to do cooperate with your company.

We look forward to be meeting to talk over about cooperate and we hope cooperate could be going with good.

Your faithfully,

Tri Inah Oma

Replying Order Letter

20 th May 2010

Lindsay Office Products

P.O. Box 1879

Spokane, Washington 98989

Dear sirs,

We have received your letter concerning discount. We are very pleased that you are interested in our products. We’ll deliver according to your expectation and for payment via bank transfer to your commonwealth.

For their cooperation I thank you.

your faithfully,

Fendy

Replaying Complaint Letter

Thank you for your letter alerting us to the problem you have been having with our store in. I am sorry you have been subjected to such a frustrating series of events. We pride ourselves on responding to customers' concerns very quickly, so what you have experienced is inexcusable.

I have spoken with our manager and have instructed him to give you a full refund plus 20% off your next purchase. I extend my own apologies for the inconvenience this problem has caused you.

I wish you an enjoyable holiday season.

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Drug combination kills antibiotic-resistant germs

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Laboratory pipette with drop of red liquid over Petri dishes via Shutterstock

Scientists Wednesday unveiled a drug combination that destroys antibiotic-resistant germs in mice, potentially opening a new front against chronic and relapsing infections in humans.

Big Pharma had been closely interested in a compound dubbed acyldepsipeptide (ADEP), only to drop it when some germs became resistant to it.

But scientists in the United States reported that, when used alongside conventional antibiotics, ADEP proved to be a relentless killer.

“We decided to pair it to conventional antibiotics…. to stem the propagation of (drug) resistant cells,” said study co-author Kim Lewis of Northeastern University in Boston.

The combination “completely sterilised” bacteria in a Petri dish and in mice whose thighs had been severely infected, said Lewis.

“Efficacy in an animal model is actually a pretty good predictor of efficacy in humans, so I think it is entirely realistic” that a drug may result, he added.

Humans rely on antibiotics to fight off a vast array of bacterial diseases, from tonsillitis to tuberculosis.

But antibiotics do not work for all types of bacteria, and in some types where they are effective, germs are evolving worryingly into forms that are resistant to the drug.

Some infections are caused by biofilms — slimy collections of bacterial cells that coat infected areas and block out the immune system, according to a podcast by Nature, accompanying the study in the British journal.

While antibiotics can penetrate those biofilms, they fail to clear up the infection because of so-called “persister cells”.

These are hibernating cells within the biofilm that stop dividing or growing and shut down their metabolism.

The dormant cells are the main cause of chronic and relapsing bacterial infections, since conventional antibiotics can target only actively growing bacterial cells.

“We had to look for something that in a persister will activate a function, will corrupt it, force it to kill the cell,” said Lewis.

Drug combo triggers cell death

The team tested ADEP in the lab and found it activates a protease in cells — protease is a protein that breaks up other proteins, eventually causing cell death.

In the experiments, the protease degraded proteins in the bacterial cells, causing these molecules to “self-digest”, said Lewis.

“It doesn’t matter whether that cell was growing, dormant, persister. So that compound has the ability to sterilise an infection,” he said.

The reason that pharmaceutical companies had abandoned ADEP as a drug option was because resistance to it developed “pretty readily”, according to the study author.

And mutant bacterial cells that do not produce protease are completely resistant to ADEP when the drug is used on its own.

In their experiments, the team used ADEP in conjunction with conventional antibiotics such as rifampicin to wipe out Staphylococcus aureus germs.

“What we found is these mutants that do not have the protease… become susceptible to killing by any antibiotic essentially,” said Lewis.

“That is why we get sterilisation when we combine ADEP with virtually any other antibiotic and that of course solves the problem of resistance.”

Lewis said his team was working with a biotech company to take these results further.

In a comment also carried by Nature, bacteriologists Kenn Gerdes of Britain’s Newcastle University and Hanne Ingmer of the University of Copenhagen rated the chances of a new antibiotic as “probable”.

They also noted that Lewis and the team were testing a second class of antibiotic that also activates protease.

“This growing body of results generates hope that antibiotics for the treatment of persistent infections will be available in the future,” they said.

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DNA analysis shows modern dogs descended from ancient European wolves

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A wolf is pictured at the Fauna films park, on September 18, 2013 in Villemer, outside of Paris (AFP)

If your dog could talk, he might have a European accent.

A new study out Thursday comparing DNA from modern canines to ancient fossils suggests that today’s pets descended from wolves in Europe.

Man’s earliest best friends likely scavenged bones from scrap piles left behind by hunter-gatherers, said the report by international researchers in the journal Science.

The bolder the wolf, the more he would be able to eat and the more loyal to humans he would become.

Scientists now believe this process of domestication likely began as many as 19,000 to 32,000 years ago.

“All modern dogs have a very close relationship to ancient dogs or wolves from Europe,” lead author Olaf Thalmann, a researcher at the University of Turku in Finland, told AFP.

The team analyzed the mitochondrial DNA of 18 prehistoric canines — eight dogs and 10 wolves — and compared them to 77 mitochondrial genomes, showcasing traits inherited from the mother, from dogs from all over the world.

The ancient samples came from Russia, Ukraine, Central Europe, the United States and Argentina, Thalmann said. Some were more than 30,000 years old.

The modern DNA from dogs and wolves spanned the globe, from Israel to China, Sweden to Mexico.

“The oldest domesticated dog material came from Europe,” said co-author Robert Wayne, a professor in the department of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of California Los Angeles.

“It was an inescapable conclusion.”

However, other researchers say the matter of who tamed dogs first and where it happened is far from settled.

A separate team of researchers published a study in Science in 2002, saying that the modern dogs came from southern China.

“Our data points to origins in China and I am still pretty sure that is the place,” said Peter Savolainen, an associate professor at the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden.

Savolainen said the study by Thalmann and colleagues lacks samples from important parts of the world — namely the Middle East and China.

“If you are looking for the origins of dogs and you only have samples from Europe, then of course it must be Europe,” he told AFP.

Savolainen said that much like the “Out of Africa” theory that says humans originated in Africa and migrated elsewhere, dog history follows an “Out of south China” scheme.

“You see several branches that are unique among dogs in south China and you don’t see them anywhere else,” he said.

Asked about the criticism from China theorists, Thalmann countered that his team used more complete DNA sequencing and older samples that show Europe was indeed the place where it all began.

Still, the matter is far from settled, Thalmann told AFP. More research in the years to come may reveal more on the topic, perhaps through the discovery of more fossils, or a more complete look at the genetic data.

In the meantime, most experts agree that early dogs became a part of human life long before the development of agriculture and farming societies.

Little is known about the people who domesticated them, or how they did it.

But Savolainen believes that wolves took the lead when it came to befriending humans, at least initially.

“They approached human camps and ate from the scrap heaps and those who dared come closer would get most of the food and they would have an evolutionary advantage,” he told AFP.

“So with each generation they would sort of tame themselves to get accustomed to humans. That is everybody’s favorite theory, and I think it is a nice theory as well.”

As some wolves relied less on killing prey and more on eating scraps, their snouts gradually grew shorter. They likely followed human groups whenever they picked up and moved camps.

Then, about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago, the closer friendship truly began.

“At some point, people and wolves really started interacting and humans took over the rest of the domestication process,” said Savolainen.

Thalmann said his team’s evidence suggests dogs likely accompanied European explorers to the New World.

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Study identifies 78 sites in need of environmental protection

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A Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) swims underwater in San Cristobal island, Galapagos Archipelago. [AFP]

A scientific study out Thursday identifies 78 sites worldwide in dire need of environmental protection because they harbor species that could go extinct.

Many of the locations are already in protected areas of 34 countries. Together they contain populations of birds, amphibians, and mammals that are globally threatened.

Some are already designated for protection under the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, including Ecuador’s Galapagos Islands, Peru’s Manu National Park and India’s Western Ghats.

Other areas do not have the same level of recognition, including Tanzania’s Udzungwa Mountains National Park and Cuba’s Cienaga de Zapata Wetland of International Importance.

The most “irreplaceable” spot in the world for threatened species among 173,000 conservation areas studied went to Colombia’s Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Natural National Park.

“These exceptional places would all be strong candidates for World Heritage status,” said Soizic Le Saout, lead author of the study which appears in the journal Science.

“Such recognition would ensure effective protection of the unique biodiversity in these areas, given the rigorous standards required for World Heritage sites.”

The study was based on an international collaboration between the Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology in France, International Union for Nature Conservation, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and BirdLife International.

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3D printing ‘will change the world’

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From replacement kidneys to guns, cars, prosthetics and works of art, 3D printing is predicted to transform our lives in the coming decades as dramatically as the Internet did before it.

“I have no doubt it is going to change the world,” researcher James Craddock told AFP at the two-day 3D Printshow in Paris which wraps up later on Saturday.

A member of the 3D Printing Research Group (3DPRG) at the UK’s Nottingham University, Craddock nevertheless predicted that use of 3D printing would be limited.

“You wouldn’t want to make a cup from a 3D printer because it would probably fall apart, leak or poison you, but you would use it for high-value, beautiful items or replacement parts,” he said.

“The real revolutionary factor is industrial use,” he added.

Here is a selection of the potential future uses of 3D printing:

- Arms

This is one of the more eye-catching prospects and has attracted a lot of publicity.

Californian engineering company Solid Concepts said earlier this month it had produced a metal replica of a classic 1911 shotgun.

US entrepreneur and inventor Brook Drumm, however, warned that the process of printing a gun would be slow, expensive and potentially dangerous, requiring lasers at high temperatures, lots of power and hazardous materials.

Drumm set up his firm Printrbot to produce printers costing from $400 that print plastic items.

Metal printers can cost around $250,000 (185,000 euros) and “the particulates are so fine that your skin could absorb them through the pores. The materials are not safe”, he said.

The gun itself — unless made out of metal — would also be unreliable.

“There’s a lot of moving parts in a gun and they need to be precise,” he said, adding that he tried to print a plastic gun but gave up because it took so long.

“Time-wise, if I was going to print a plastic gun and you were going to go and buy a metal one, even if it took you two weeks to get approval I probably still wouldn’t have it working first,” he said.

- Art

Fancy a replica of a Viking helmet or one of the Louvre’s most famous sculptures on the mantelpiece?

American Cosmo Wenman has used thousands of photographs taken in some of the world’s biggest museums to produce exact plastic copies.

Works he has produced include the ancient Greek statue Venus de Milo which is in the Louvre.

“If you look at the small print at museums in terms of taking photographs, they say that you cannot put them to commercial use,” he said.

“But from a practical point of view that is not enforceable and for antiquities there is no intellectual property issue,” he said.

- Cars

Canadian Jim Kor’s 3D Urbee car is made out of plastic and stainless steel.

The futuristic-looking three-wheeler is electric but uses petrol at higher speeds.

Production designer Kor says if a car company mass produced the vehicle it would be possible to keep the price down to around $16,000 (12,000 euros).

“We want it to be the Volkswagen Beetle for the next century, low cost and long-lasting too,” he said.

“It should last 30-plus years. Our goal is that it should be 100 percent recyclable.”

- Jewellery

Jewellery can made to ensure that each piece is slightly different, known as “mass customisation”.

3D printing can also make the production process far less expensive and time consuming.

Dutch jewellery designer Yvonne van Zummeren produces a range of jewellery made out of lightweight nylon polyamide.

“All my designs are based on works of art,” she said holding a bracelet that uses a Matisse motif.

“It enables me to be a jewellery designer much more easily. Otherwise I would have needed a factory in China and a minimum order of 20,000,” she added.

“When you are producing something for the first time it means you can adapt and try again very easily until you get the result you want.”

- Prosthetics

Prosthetics can be custom made to provide the perfect match.

Electronics could be built in allowing the recipient accurate control of the limb.

“It would all be printed out at the same time,” said 3DPRG’s Craddock.

- Replacement parts

One-off parts are needed by everyone from NASA to the person who loses an unusual jacket button.

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Archaeologists discover five 4,000 year-old heads of royal statues from the pharaonic era

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A team of Egyptian and French archaeologists have found five heads of royal statues from the pharaonic era, officials from the antiquities ministry said on Saturday.

“The heads, which had crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt and were made from limestone, were discovered” south of Luxor, Antiquities Minister Mohammed Ibrahim said in a statement.

The head of the department of pharaonic antiquities, Mohammed Abdel Maqsud, said the heads measured 50 centimetres (20 inches) across and are estimated to be around 4,000 years old.

He said experts were studying them to determine if they belonged to decapitated statues found in the same location several years ago.

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NASA Mars spacecraft to search for clues about why the Red Planet lost much of its atmosphere

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NASA is preparing to launch its latest orbiter to Mars Monday on the hunt for clues about why the Red Planet lost much of its atmosphere.

The launch of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN), could happen as early as 1:28 pm (1828 GMT) from Cape Canaveral, Florida, during a two-hour launch window.

The weather forecast was 60 percent favorable for takeoff of the unmanned orbiter, NASA weather officials said Sunday.

Researchers have described the mission as a search for a missing piece to the puzzle of what happened on Mars, perhaps billions of years ago, to transform Earth’s neighbor from a water-bearing planet that might have been favorable for life to a dry, barren desert with hardly any atmosphere.

“MAVEN is the first spacecraft devoted to exploring and understanding the Martian upper atmosphere,” the US space agency said.

“The spacecraft will investigate how the loss of Mars’ atmosphere to space determined the history of water on the surface.”

NASA has sent a series of rovers to explore the surface of the Red Planet, including its latest, Curiosity, which arrived last year.

The deep space orbiter launched earlier this month by India seeks to find traces of methane from Mars and may arrive two days later than the US spacecraft, if NASA’s launch goes ahead as planned on Monday.

The science goals of the two do not overlap much. The Indian probe will be searching for methane which could prove the existence of some ancient life form, while the US probe seeks answers about the planet’s climate change.

The entire MAVEN mission cost $671 million.

The journey to Mars will take 10 months in total, with arrival set for September 2014 and the science mission of the solar-wing paneled orbiter set to begin in November 2014.

Much of its year-long mission will be spent circling the planet at a distance of 6,000 kilometers (3,800 miles) above the surface, but it will execute five deep dips to a height of just 125 kilometers (78 miles) to get readings of the atmosphere at various levels.

The eight-foot (2.5 meter) cube-shaped spacecraft weighs 5,410 pounds (2,453 kilograms) and will launch aboard an Atlas V 401 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.

Scientists hope its findings will help pave the way for a future visit by humans to the Red Planet, perhaps as early as the 2030, NASA has said.

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Scientist proposes ‘SETI Lottery Bond’ to fund search for extraterrestrial life

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In an article for the Journal of British Interplanetary Studies, Jacob Haqq-Misra proposes to fund the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) project by issuing a bond that pays out when proof of intelligent life on other planets is discovered.

The proposed bond is a “lottery bond,” meaning that it will return a low and fixed rate of interest until it matures — and it only reaches maturity when the SETI project discovers definitive proof of the existence of intelligent extraterrestrial life.

Once the bond matures, a few “lucky” bondholders will receive a handsome payout, while other investors will receive little to nothing, much like a conventional lottery ticket.

According to Haqq-Misra’s paper, “[t]he total capital raised this way will provide a fund to be managed by a ﬁnancial institution, with annual payments from this fund to support SETI research, pay investor interest, and contribute to the lottery fund. Such a plan could generate several to tens of millions of dollars for SETI research each year, which would help to revitalize and expand facilities such as the Allen Telescope Array.”

Though Business Insider believes such bonds will be a hard sell because they assume the Drake Equation to be correct, “they’re a fun way to help underfunded space research [and] if we do end up finding an alien civilization, you or your descendants will be able to cash out big time.”

["Alien Humanoid" on Shutterstock]

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Hundreds of rare primates seized from animal smugglers in Indonesia

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Hundreds of slow lorises have been seized on Indonesia’s Java island as animal smugglers were about to send the protected primates to markets to be sold as pets, officials said on Friday.

Government officials last week discovered 238 of the nocturnal animals, one of the few mammals that has a toxic bite, packed into small plastic crates at the port of Merak in the north-west of Java.

They had been smuggled from Sumatra, a vast, jungle-covered, biodiverse island that is home to many rare animals, said protection group the International Animal Rescue Foundation Indonesia.

The group took them to their rescue centre but on the way “six of them died… because they were squeezed tight in the crates and lacked food and water,” the foundation’s Aris Hidayat told AFP.

The animals were about to be sent to markets in the capital Jakarta and surrounding cities when they were rescued, Hidayat said.

Vets at the rescue centre believe the animals had only been captured recently and said hopefully they could be released back into the wild soon, he said.

The Natural Resources Conservation Agency, the government body that discovered the lorises, said a man had been named a suspect in the case and would face trial soon.

Under Indonesian law, someone caught selling protected animals faces a maximum of five years in jail and a 100 million rupiah ($8,700) fine.

The slow loris, which has big eyes, grey fur and is closely related to the lemur, is found across Southeast Asia.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature categorises the lorises on Sumatra as vulnerable.

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Weird Fish

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There are many animals - unique and mysterious animal that has not been found , since there are many places - places untouched by humans . Some time ago , we have witnessed the creatures - sea creatures with strange shapes and unique , well in this post , I will invite my readers to know the creatures - weird creatures of the river . Could sightings - sightings of the river is actually a cryptid creature sightings of this creature ?

Like the ocean , the river is also home to thousands of species of freshwater animals . Not only fish , in the river was found to form different types of creatures and strange enough we've never seen before.

1. Goliath Tigerfish

Heard the name alone , we already know if this creature is not being careless . With a length of 1.5 meters and sharp teeth , of course a lot of people are afraid to look spooky fish . Goliath Tigerfish is the biggest variant in the family Tigerfish , and is a great predator . Fish is known for its power and speed.

2. Vampire Piranha

Vampire Piranha is a close relative of the famous piranha fish of the Amazon river . This fish is called piranha because vampire fangs that can reach 6 inches . Piranha fish which is rarely known to live in the Orinoco River , Venezuela .

3. African Lungfish

River creatures were quite strange in my opinion . For people who have never seen it, would have thought this creature as a monster because of the creepy . However , despite the terrible shape , these animals are completely harmless . These fish adapt to their environment less oxygen , thus making this fish rarely seen by humans .

4. Mekong Giant Catfish

Certainly most readers already know this one fish . Fish that is almost similar to the whale shark is the largest freshwater fish ever found and originated in China . Its size alone is closer to whales than freshwater fish in general .

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Painting that spent 10 months!!!

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Detailed artwork like this takes a lot of time to complete , and an American artist Joe Fenton took it to a whole new level when he decided to dedicate his life to a 10-month single image that has very intricate detail .

Most people will probably just give up after a few days , but Joe showed enough confidence and patience to finish it .

" It took courage to start it because previously I had never done it this size , " he told Modern Met .

" As you can imagine , you have to invest a lot of your time to complete something like this . I just have to focus on penegerjaannya process and are confident that it will succeed ! "

Joe Fenton created all the elements on a smaller scale than usual , like a giant puzzle by tracing all the pictures on a large sheet of paper .

Although he was not a religious man , for this project he wanted to include religious references such as Ganesha character , a grinning Buddha , or a faint crucifix adorning a rooftop in the distance .He finished it all off with acrylic and paint

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Example Of Letter

29 October 2013

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SAMPLE OF INQUIRY LETTER

PT. ABDURAHMAN PERSADA

Jl. Ujung Harapan Raya No. 57

Kab.Bekasi

2 December, 2011

PT. PRIMA NUGROHO

Jl. KrakatauBlok A7 No.43

BekasiTimur

Dear Sir or Madam,

We saw your product at International Design of Shoes Fair in Mega Bekasi on 1December 2011 and made interested us.

Please send types of sample, the terms and catalogue of the shoes. If the cost is low and the types of sample are interesting, we will order your product.

We are looking forward to receiving your reply soon.

Yours faithfully,

DeniSoeltoni
Head of Distributor

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ORDER LETTER

February 14, 19XX

Lindsay Office Products

P.O. Box 1879

Spokane, Washington 98989

Subject: Furniture and equipment order

Please ship the following items from your sales catalog

dated January 31, 19XX:

ITEM CATALOG # COLOR QTY PRICE

Conference Desk HN-33080-WB Sandalwood 2 $478.60 ea.

Credenza HN-36887-WK Sandalwood 2 431.40 ea.

Executive Chair HP-56563-SE Toasted Tan 4 422.00 ea.

File Cabinet HN-5344C-K Beige 2 135.90 ea.

Letter Tray K5-299907-A Black 6 16.95 ea.

The items ordered above should be shipped C.O.D. to this address:

CLAIMS DIVISION, LAW DEPARTMENT

City of Austin

P.O. Box 96

Austin, Texas 78767-0096

The costs above reflect a discount of 50/10, with net due in 30

days after the invoice date. The merchandised is to be shipped

by your company's own truck line at a rate of 7 percent of the

total net cost.

We are remodeling our offices and have a target completion date

of March 30, 19XX. If there is any reason you see that you can

keep your part of this schedule, please let me know

immediately.

Sincerely,

Berenice Chamala

Supervisor, Clerical Services

BKC: amm

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COMPLAINT LETTER

Dear Sirs

Our Order No. FT567

On 12 August I ordered 12 copies of Background Music by H. Lowery under my order number FT567.

On opening the parcel received this morning I found that it contained 12 copies of History of Music by the same author. I regret that I cannot keep these books as I have an adequate stock already. I am therefore returning the books by parcel post for immediate replacement, as I have several customers waiting for them.

Please credit my account with the invoiced value of the returned copes including reimbursement for the postage cost of £17.90.

Yours faithfully

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APPLICATION LETTER

March 3, 2013

Personnel Department Manager
PT Angin Ribut
23 Jl. Kempek-Pegagan
Cirebon, 45161

Dear Sir,

Subject: Application Letter

Reading your advertisement on KOMPAS Daily, dated March 1, 2013, I am interested to apply for the position on Credit Marketing Officer (CMO) you offer.

I am 29 years of age and I graduated from Mechanical Technique Faculty, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Bandung, Majoring in Metallurgy.

I have an excellent health, high motivation, good communication skill, computer skill, creative, high loyalty, integrity, I am ready to work hard, motorcycle, SIM C and highly motivated to works every where.

Hopefully, you could consider my application and I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,

Agus Sholeh, ST

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MEMO

VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL (SMK) STATE 1 DEMAK
Street Sultan Trenggono 87 Demak Telp/Fax (0291) 685519 Demak
Email : smkn1dmk@yahoo.com

MEMO

June 30, 2021

To          : Deputi Head of Sector Facility/Infrastructure
From   : Headmaster
  Subject   : Preparation Meeting

          We ask that you prepare the hall space and equipment for meeting
graduation class XII to be held on 3 July, 2021.
          Thank you for your help.

Dr. Abdullah

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Definition of English Business

09 October 2013

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Definition of English Business

Business means buying and selling, and English is the name of our mother tongue. Business English is obviously such English as is used in mercantile transactions. Our definition is quickly made. But it will bear expansion. We must answer certain questions that inevitably arise. Is some special brand of English used in business? And how are we to know when we are studying business and when merely the English of business?

Take the first of these two questions. There are of course certain words which name business transactions primarily. Buy, sell, exchange, barter, trade, purchase, shop, customer, hire, rent, pay, fee, price, retail, wholesale, lease, mortgage, merchandise, commodity, goods, stock, office, factory, finance, money, funds, capital, interest, sum, amount, balance, cash, currency, bill, receipt, note, draft, check, bank, cashier, bookkeeper, stenographer, clerk - hundreds of words like these will occur to us at random as being mercantile words in a peculiar sense.

To be sure, they are not all limited to business transactions. Note the word brand. It is primarily mercantile, naming a particular kind of goods. But in the second paragraph, above, the phrase "special brand of English" appears. Here the word is used figuratively. Every business word can be extended in that way to social or literary use. When we speak of wholesale slaughter, or of a stock of words, we use commercial figures of speech, and Americans are exceedingly fond of doing so. You have heard people speak of a thoroughly posted man, as if a man were a ledger. You have heard them speak of the balance of the day, as if time were literally money. You have noticed that an American likes to claim everything in sight; I mean, he prefers to claim that a thing is so, rather than assert, declare, contend, allege, maintain, or swear that it is so.

But the strictly commercial words, again, aria not the only ones employed in business. In addition to such words as are listed above in our third paragraph, business employs thousands of terms from science and technology. If a man is buying or selling machinery, he must know the names of the machines. If it falls to him to buy the parts of them, he must know the names of the parts. Does business English, then, include the study of everything that is bought or sold? If it did, it would include nearly the whole dictionary. Everything is bought or sold, from surgical instruments to Egyptian mummies. Nothing is exempt but heaven and love and faith. "Tis only heaven that is given away; Mis only God may be had for the asking." And there are gloomy times when we feel that even faith and love are sold.

Quite clearly we are not called upon to master the whole dictionary. No man's life is long enough for that. So far as special study of words is concerned, we must limit it to a few which are most commonly employed in mercantile transactions.

And I fear that even with these we shall not be quite certain what to do. In our eleventh chapter will be found brief histories of certain commercial terms. But it is not pretended that knowing the history of a word will usually be of much practical value to the young man in business. The word dollar has a curious history, being connected with our word dale, a valley. A dollar is a dale-coin, a piece of money first coined in a certain dale, or Thal. But who cares, except the philologist or the antiquary? "Show me how to get the dollar," says our business man, "and you bookworms may have the derivation." He feels that he is quite literary enough if he manages to spell dollar with two ll's. It bores him to go farther into derivations. And it would be bad business to urge him to go back far into history when he is interested only in the burning present and the glowing future.

If we pick up any business letter we see at once that the words it contains are chiefly common words, not especially mercantile. The technical buying or selling words are present, but they are in the minority. What makes the letter good or bad is the choice and arrangement of words to express thought and feeling. It is their composition, or putting together. And this is really the subject that we are after. "Business English" in the sense here used is merely short for "Business English Composition".

"English," as used in schools and colleges, now means primarily English composition. It includes also the study of English literature, but chiefly because a mastery of literature helps the student to a mastery of writing and speaking. None of us common people ever invents a word, and the few Edisons are lucky if they add half a dozen to the language. We go to other people or to books for our words. They are the great social heritage into which we enter, and literature is the best place to find them, because there they are alive, each in its context. The proper study of literature is so practical that I dare not confess how practical - because some people think it is a matter of pleasure pure and simple. The words of literature are practical; the setting of them is practical; the knowledge of life that they give us is practical. The right sort of business man cannot read Shakspere without getting a clearer insight into those springs of human emotion which he has to consider daily. And if this reading makes him better in point of courage and good cheer and character, why, that is practical too.

But this is not a plea for the study of Shakspere. For all the illustrative matter used in this book we shall go to business documents pure and simple. We shall have business narratives, business descriptions, business arguments, business explanations. We are to try to get at the principles of English composition on business topics:
Our purpose is to point out some of the established principles which govern effective expression. Everybody is ready to admit that the power of effective expression is a financial asset. It helps the stenographer, the salesman, the manager, the advertiser, the correspondent. It makes for more responsible positions and advanced salaries. Good selling-talk sells goods. Judicious explanations remove difficulties. Persuasive arguments reach buyers.

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Type of Business English Letter

Sales Letters
Typical sales letters start off with a very strong statement to capture the interest of the reader. Since the purpose is to get the reader to do something, these letters include strong calls to action, detail the benefit to the reader of taking the action and include information to help the reader to act, such as including a telephone number or website link.

Order Letters
Order letters are sent by consumers or businesses to a manufacturer, retailer or wholesaler to order goods or services. These letters must contain specific information such as model number, name of the product, the quantity desired and expected price. Payment is sometimes included with the letter.

Complaint Letters
The words and tone you choose to use in a letter complaining to a business may be the deciding factor on whether your complaint is satisfied. Be direct but tactful and always use a professional tone if you want the company to listen to you.

Adjustment Letters
An adjustment letter is normally sent in response to a claim or complaint. If the adjustment is in the customer’s favor, begin the letter with that news. If not, keep your tone factual and let the customer know that you understand the complaint.

Inquiry Letters
Inquiry letters ask a question or elicit information from the recipient. When composing this type of letter, keep it clear and succinct and list exactly what information you need. Be sure to include your contact information so that it is easy for the reader to respond.

Follow-Up Letter
Follow-up letters are usually sent after some type of initial communication. This could be a sales department thanking a customer for an order, a businessman reviewing the outcome of a meeting or a job seeker inquiring about the status of his application. In many cases, these letters are a combination thank-you note and sales letter.

Letters of Recommendation
Prospective employers often ask job applicants for letters of recommendation before they hire them. This type of letter is usually from a previous employer or professor, and it describes the sender’s relationship with and opinion of the job seeker.

Acknowledgment Letters
Acknowledgment letters act as simple receipts. Businesses send them to let others know that they have received a prior communication, but action may or may not have taken place.

Cover Letter
Cover letters usually accompany a package, report or other merchandise. They are used to describe what is enclosed, why it is being sent and what the recipient should do with it, if there is any action that needs to be taken. These types of letters are generally very short and succinct.

Letters of Resignation
When an employee plans to leave his job, a letter of resignation is usually sent to his immediate manager giving him notice and letting him know when the last day of employment will be. In many cases, the employee also will detail his reason for leaving the company.

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Part of Letter

Letterhead - Stationary printed at the top of the page including the company name, logo, full address, and other elements such as trademark symbols, phone & fax numbers, and an e-mail.

Dateline - The date is the month (spelled out), day, and year. If you are using Microsoft Word, click - Insert, then Time and Date. Press Enterfour times after the date.

Letter Address - The complete address of the recipient of the letter. The letter address usually includes the personal title (Mr., Mrs. etc.), first and last name followed by the company name, street address, city, province, and postal code. Press Enter twice after letter address.

Salutation - The word Dear followed by the personal title and last name of the recipient (Dear Mr. Smith). Press Enter twice after the salutation.

Body - The text that makes up the message of the letter. Single-space the paragraphs and double-space between the paragraphs. PressEnter twice after the last paragraph.

Complimentary closing - A phrase used to end a letter. Capitalize only the first letter. If there is a colon after the salutation, there must be a comma after the complimentary close. Press Enter four times (or more) after the complimentary close to allow for a written signature.

Name and title of writer - Type the first and last name of the sender. The sender's personal title (Mr., Ms., Dr., etc) should be included. Use a comma to separate the job title if it's on the same line as the name. Do not use a comma if the job title is on a separate line. Press Enter twice after the name or title.

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Styles of Bussines

The following pictures show what a one-page business letter should look like. There are three accepted styles. The horizontal lines represent lines of type. Click your mouse pointer on any part of the picture for a description and example of that part.

Gambar 1 : Modified Block Style

Gambar 2 : Block Style

Gambar 3 : Semiblock Style

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